Exploring Consciousness

Subsequent Posts in this Series:

Part 2: Who is "I"

Part 3: Talking to Myself - Who is Listening?

Part 4: The Epitome of Consciousness

Dangerous Territory?

Perhaps fools do rush in where wise men fear to tread. The territory we call consciousness studies is fraught with dangers, intellectual as well a professional (for a scientist). Philosophers have never felt any danger (sometimes quite the opposite) because their job is to simply raise interesting questions about the phenomenon. They don't have to explain how it comes about. René Descartes was content to just declare, “Cogito ergo sum,” and call it a done deal.

Nevertheless the subject cannot but intrigue the scientist who contemplates how the brain works. After all, the brain, working, produces mind and minds experience consciousness (at least I, like Descartes, think I do; the rest of you may be zombies for all I really know!)

Having touched on consciousness in my explorations of sapience (Part 1 with links to subsequent parts), and feeling like I have a good working theory of how wisdom comes about from that brain basis, I am thinking this is a natural turn to take. This is the first of a more in-depth exploration of that devilish hard problem of what is consciousness. I guess you could say I'm feeling foolhardy.

The So-called “Hard Problem”

Philosopher David Chalmers introduced the idea that consciousness is the hard problem, or rather, that some fundamental aspects of consciousness are too hard to explain by mechanistic models.

It seems we need our “mysteries.”

According to Chalmers there are “easy problems” associated with consciousness. For example the mere processing of external stimuli, recognizing what they are and where they come from is easy enough to explain from mere brain theory. For Chalmers and many other philosophers of mind the real problem is subjective experience. That is, how do the stimuli evoke subjective experiences such as “redness”, what are called qualia, or “phenomenal experiences”.

This is where we run into significant rhetorical problems. As soon as we say an experience is subjective we are making a claim about our own experience, not a claim about another's experience. It is impossible to say that Carl experiences redness when looking at an object that I experience as red. At best Carl and I can agree that whenever looking at an object that I experience as red, he reports that he also experiences something he calls redness. We agree that some kind of visual experiences are consistent across objects. We both use the same name for it. And when I tell Carl that the object I just saw (which he did not see) is red, he understands what I mean in terms of his own experience. It is because of this property of consistency across shared experiences that we might readily conclude that redness is not actually a subjective experience only. There is some physical quality about the way a human brain interacts with reflected light waves to see the same basic quality as almost all other human brains. I submit to you that while the issue of qualia may keep philosophers up at night it is not a real problem when considering the nature of and brain mechanisms for producing the phenomenon we call consciousness.

There are, however, significant semantic issues involved in grappling with the idea of consciousness. When I write, “I saw a red object,” what exactly is the I (in both instances in this sentence)? There is a symbolic referent, I or me, that is used linguistically to identify the agency of a biological system. But more than that, and what is for me the truly hard problem, is that there is a locus of experience and thought that feels an identity and ownership of those experiences and thoughts as well as of the body in which it seems to reside. I can talk about “my body” as if it is a thing that does my bidding and is used to interact with the world. The I inside seems to be unique and, in a sense, somewhat isolated from the body. You will recognize this as the ancient mind-body problem so often argued by philosophers.

Famed neurologist and author, Antonio Damasio (2000) tackled this problem head on in his work, The Feeling of What Happens. Rather than ponder what consciousness must be from an armchair, Damasio has been examining the brain, its functions, and their correspondence with reported subjective experiences as well as behaviors. I have found his arguments (paraphrased below) quite convincing as far as they go. They do provide a more solid ground to start from than introspection alone. My own approach is, in a sense, similar to Damasio's but working from a kind of reverse engineering process. My work on autonomous agents starts by attempting to emulate the brains of vary primitive creatures such as a snail, paying particular attention to the critical role of memory trace encoding in neuronal synapses (Mobus,1994). It is my contention that this is the first problem to be solved before attempting to emulate whole brains. It is absolutely essential to understand the dynamics of this encoding in order to solve certain critical problems in memory trace behaviors that we know affect long-term behaviors in all animals. My immediate goals are to build brains that are progressively closer to mammalian capabilities (not necessarily human, by the way). This will be demonstrated by their capacity to adapt to non-stationary environments and still succeed at a given mission objective.

I think the answer to consciousness lay in the evolution of brains from those primitive versions up through mammals and to humans. I have elected to try to emulate the stages of brain evolution by simulating biological-like neurons and their dynamic interactions in brain-like structures (e.g. the hippocampus and its analogues in reptiles). Essentially I seek to grasp how the brain works by recapitulating its evolution.

Jeff Hawkins (2004), of PalmPilot fame, is also attempting to reverse engineer the brain (especially the human level) but is most interested in the neocortex of mammals and humans to emulate human level (like) intelligence. His approach has been a more top-down one in which he has focused on what he feels (and I agree with him) the role of the cortex is as a memory-based prediction processor that can form invariant representations of things, causal relations, and interaction dynamics in the world that actually allows the possessor to visualize the future based on experiences learned in the past. I feel he is closer to understanding real intelligence than all of the classical artificial intelligence and artificial neural network researchers combined! Real, natural intelligence will never be simulated by a program. It will only be emulated by a program that simulates the necessary details of brains. I think we can do this on a computer, but probably not a brain as complex as the human's. I will be happy if we can get to something a little more advanced than a lizard, for example a mouse.

I must say I think Hawkins' approach, while having the advantage of providing a kind of top-down framework for generating hypotheses about intelligence, is going to have difficulty in not having spent time understanding the way in which neurons (all of them) encode synaptic efficacy as the basis for memory traces. Further, we now know that neurons are actively wiring and rewiring as a result of experiences. New synaptic junctions are formed, especially between distant clusters, and the mechanism for doing this involves the dynamic behavior of existing synapses and the epigenetic controls on genes that encode, for example, channel proteins. My adaptrode model provides the basis for this mechanism and this too is one of my goals — to show how distant neural clusters can come to represent causal associations in a developing brain simulation.

The approach of reverse engineering takes the work of neuroscientists like Daniel Alkon (1985), Eric Kandel, and Larry Squires (2008) who showed how synaptic efficacy dynamics worked, and Damasio and others like him who have painted a picture of how the mind works (similar to Hawkins' framework approach) and attempting to simulate the parts that interact in such a way that the whole thing works just like brains do, but in software and silicon instead of meat. I contend that it is the causal relation encoding dynamic built into synapses that is the key. And that can be simulated reasonably well^[1].

In any case Hawkins seems interested in consciousness as an afterthought, a consequence of neurology (see Chapter 7 in his book). He seems focused on the issue of intelligent decision-making and never considers the nature of judgement or wisdom. In the chapter on the topic, consciousness, creativity, and imagination are treated more like epiphenomena of neocortex operations. I, however, am interested in the nature of consciousness from the standpoint of that it is an essential evolutionary consequence of fitness and how it emerges from the workings of the brain. I do not think it is an epiphenomenon — a simple but unnecessary consequence of brain workings (in fairness to Hawkins he may not really think that these “extra” phenomena are truly epiphenomena, but his treatment of them seems cursory and almost dismissive, so that it seems as if he does).

For Hawkins the objective is new technology to be applied to building useful tools; tools that are truly intelligent, meaning they learn from experience and can make good decisions. He sees these applications as specifically not being humanoid robot like, but rather for things like autonomous vehicles that do not have emotions or internal drives as animals (and humans) do. But for me the motivation is quite different. I seek to reverse engineer the brain and demonstrate its functionality in a working autonomous agent as a way to better understand biological brains! I build agents not to develop commercial applications but to understand better the brain itself. Frankly I suspect Hawkins, in excluding the inclusion of limbic functions like emotional content, will run into a barrier in his quest. As Damasio (1994) pointed out in his first book, Descartes' Error, essentially all of our memory traces are tagged with emotions or feelings derived from the limbic centers and based on the emotional context of the moment in which they are formed (see Chapter 8 — The Somatic-Marker Hypothesis). Damasio has concluded that the whole brain and body &ldwquo;... form an indissociable organism... ” (page 88) that probably cannot have parts isolated and function properly. Hawkins seeks to isolate the neocortex (and perhaps part of the thalamus and hippocampus) for his ‘intelligent tools’. I am skeptical that the learning algorithms he might apply to the neurons (synaptic plasticity) will do what he expects without an underlying motivational response system. But I wish him luck.

As long-term readers well know my ultimate interest is in the nature of wisdom and its effects on intelligence, creativity, and affect (emotions) as a necessary and evolutionarily emergent capacity of our human brains. I think consciousness is for something that is deeply tied to the nature of sapience. Perhaps, as I have speculated, the two phenomena are coextensive, i.e., come from the same brain structures that evolved in humans but are almost absent in lower animals. I suppose you could say that my ultimate goal would be to show how that can emerge (evolve) in brains by building something as proof of concept. As I said earlier, that won't be possible with the current generation of computers, even the most powerful supper computers or even through massive parallel processing over the Internet. But it should be possible to make advances in that direction that demonstrate the potential of the trajectory.

Believe it or not there are a number of researchers, both in and around the field of artificial intelligence (AI), who are studying Artificial Consciousness (AC). The study of AI has, itself, helped shed light on what we really mean by intelligence even if it has not been very successful in producing the general kind of intelligence we now recognize as the basis for adaptive behavior in autonomous agents like animals. I would claim that my own modest efforts have gone a long way to show an alternative approach that does do so. Those who have considered AC do recognize that if it is possible to produce consciousness (whatever it is) artificially it will certainly include, and start with, the capacity for adaptive autonomy by an intentional agent.

The beginning of this approach is now to consider how an animal is “aware” of its world and its self as it moves about sensing that world and its own body states.

Awareness — Self vs. Non-Self

The nature of consciousness begins with the nature of an agent's awareness. Even the simplest living organisms keep track of stimuli that originate in themselves versus those that originate in their environments. All animals, certainly, from the lowliest worm to human beings have neural mechanisms that track their own bodily positions and self-stimulation versus stimulations that originate from elsewhere in their environments. In other words they keep track of self versus non-self The need to do so is really pretty simple. Organisms need to react with appropriate behaviors to the impacts of the stimuli coming from other sources. They do not need to react to stimuli from themselves. For example, a nudibranch (marine snail) needs to withdraw its gills if they are touched by other agents (live or not). It does not need to do so if it touches its own gills. So it has neural mechanisms that keep track of its own movements. It knows where every part of its body is relative to all other parts at all times. If it detects a sensation on the surface of its body while noting that its foot, for example, is curled up and is the source of the stimulation (its foot will also feel the touch of the gill), it does not need to react. Any other stimulation not accounted for by its neural tracking of self should be reacted to for safety sake.

The circuit in Figure 1 shows how this is accomplished. The circuit compares sensory inputs from any of its externally focused senses, visual, auditory, or touch. These are compared with proprioceptive sensory information for correlations. In the nudibranch case above it will have a proprioceptive map that indicates where its foot is because it keeps track of how it moved that foot to its current location (nudibranchs are quite capable of such contortions!). It also receives touch sensory data from the gills in the location corresponding to where the foot is. Thus it can determine that no response is needed since it is self-stimulating the gills. Contrariwise, if the foot has not been moved to that location then it will conclude that something not itself has touched its gills and it will retract them immediately.

 

Figure 1. The distinction between self and non-self is differentiated by whether proprioceptive sensing matches external somatosensory inputs. A. If the proprioceptive input does not indicate that the self has produced the sensory input, then the non-self cluster is activated indicating the need to attend to the stimulus. B.If the proprioceptive input does indicate that the self has moved and this correlates to the sensory inputs then it is recognized as a self action. This kind of circuit is what lets you know that it is you scratching your ear and not someone else trying to be friendly.

 

Awareness is essentially the maintenance of somatosensory maps^[2] that keep track of every sensory input that is active at any given moment. These come from the external world and from the internal body. Proprioception, as just described, provides a map of the body's movable parts so that the animal “knows” at all times where its part are relative to all other parts. It also supplies information about how much force, for example, had to be used to get the part where the motor commands directed it. This is used as feedback to help regulate the motor commands themselves. If little force is still accomplishing the task then more force is not needed. This information can be used to determine the agent's relations with objects and media in its world. A second internal sensory map is the interoception, or sensing of physiological body states such as blood sugar levels or nitrogenous waste build up in muscles. It includes hunger, hormone-driven effects like sexual urges, and pain reception. Some of these states, such as sexual urges, can be triggered by external sensory stimuli (presence of the opposite sex's pheromones) but sensed by internal sensors and relayed to the brain as body state information.

Even the most primitive brain maintains these three dynamic mappings that keep it aware of the state and position of the self and the state of the environment around it^[3]. In reptiles and below these maps are mostly processed in the nuclei-like structures of the lower and middle brain areas. Many are nonmalleable in the sense that they cannot learn new images or new behaviors. They provide instinctual behaviors. In amphibians and reptiles newer, more flexible, structures appeared. They are more cortical-like in architecture and they are flexible in the sense that they allow for non-instinctual memories (at least in short-term) to be encoded as new images from the environment. Such structures help quadrupedal mobility in more difficult to navigate terrains. They also allow more flexibility in reorganizing instinctual behaviors to achieve a more complex goal. For example mating rituals can be more elaborate and follow slightly different patterns in each instance based on current circumstances. This helps improve mating success and thus seems to have obvious selective advantage.

 

Figure 2. There are three sources of sensory input to the central nervous system. The exterioceptive senses are the ones we normally think about as the five senses along with a few others. The proprioceptive system keeps track of body movements and positions of parts relative to each other. The interoceptive system monitors internal body states and keeps a map of activity levels in the relevant subsystems. All maps are integrated into a “global” map of the self and its relation to the things and forces operating in its environment. This is the origin of awareness and can be found in some of the most primitive brains.

 

Yet even more elaborate and flexible mapping processors emerged in the form of the paleocortex^[4]. This structure may have evolved in dinosaurs or at least the last common ancestor of dinosaurs and birds, since the latter have similar structures. A cortical structure, as Hawkins and others have elaborated, allows much greater flexibility in making more complex associations between sensory inputs and leading to more complex motor outputs (behaviors). The maps shown above were replicated in these cortical structures but in a much more elaborate form. The paleocortex could process so much more and do so by acting as Hawkins' memory-prediction system that I have shown to provide anticipatory (preemptive) based actions.

The final stage of evolutionary expansion of brain systems and the gain of unparalleled adaptivity came with the emergence of the neocortex in mammals. In some respects not unlike the paleocortex this ‘new’ cortex provides a much more powerful capacity to encode memory traces and make anticipatory guesses about the near future state of the world. But even more important, the size and complexity of this subsystem allows the brain to manipulate concepts experimentally, to imagine a possible future that can be tested for possibilities before action is committed. For example a preditor such as a lion or wild dog can consider that they have often found food resources at particular water holes. When the game is more scarce, the predator can then experiment with the idea that there might be other water holes some distance away where more game might be found.

You may question my use of the word “idea” here. But I mean it literally. Most of your ideas actually start out in the subconscious processing taking place in various parts of your brain. Only a very few of these ideas make to the light of conscious awareness. Yet we know they are there because psychologists/neuroscientists have devised clever ways to elicit subconscious thinking and visualize it using fMRI and other dynamic imaging methods. Thus, though a predator like a lion might or might not have a conscious thought about ‘trying’ to find a new watering hole, the thought is there none the less. This is evidenced by the actual behavior of such animals that has every appearance of premeditation. For my part I have several reasons to believe that lions and dogs actually do experience such ideas consciously. I also suspect they have an inner language that includes complex concepts in the form of noun-like and verb-like (including tenses) abstractions of the things in their world. Recent work in animal communications indicates that their body languages convey much more of their inner thoughts than we had previously considered. I will have to write about this at a later time. For now please accept that mammals have mental capabilities, made possible by neocortex, that allow them to work with concepts in ways very similar to our own.

From Brain to Mind

The neocortex alone, as simply an expanded version of the paleocortex, would not have resulted in the explosion of complex behaviors that gave mammals tremendous survival advantages. The other concomitant development in brain structure was the development and expansion of the prefrontal cortex, the lobes of cortex just behind the eyebrows. The frontal lobes were always the seat of associating environmental situations with appropriate behavioral programs, planing of muscle contraction sequences, and then sending commands for those sequences at the appropriate timing intervals. The addition of the prefrontal cortex added a new feature, the ability to plan alternative coordination with possible future situations, extending the ability to anticipate and adding considerable flexibility to behaviors (along with increased complexity). With the addition of temporal categories, past, present, and near-future, animals with prefrontal cortex could process the present situation based on past experiences and plan future actions.

Figure 3 shows a complete set of mappings and the information flows from sensory to planning to motor coordination. The new layer of map effectively observes what the sensory integration is producing and uses memory of past experiences to decide what motor actions would be needed. In this sense it is planning for the future by anticipating future outcomes. But in the primitive animals in which this map came into being, the future is just a very few seconds.

The figure includes the feedback through the environment resulting from the animal's behavior altering its relation to objects in the environment — essentially changing the environment (red arrow) relative to the animals perceptions. The loop is continuous in time. The animal continually senses the environmental configuration of percepts and tracks how they change in the planning map. Those changes then give rise to new motor plans. Not shown in the figure are the internal feedback loops from higher order maps to lower order ones. I'll have more to say about this aspect in future postings.

 

Figure 3. Adding motor outputs requires the integration of sensory inputs and the coordination of motor outputs. This requires a higher-level map to plan actions that will need to be done in order to better position the agent in the environment. The sensing, planning, motor output, and feedback as the environment changes relative to the agent's perceptions is continuous in time.

 

Connecting complex environmental situations and body states with actions to take was a major leap in agency, the ability to flexibly choose alternatives, some of which might be learned through experience. But it was still only a slight improvement in anticipatory behavior in being limited to the immediate future. In many ways this capacity could be limited to amateur game playing; if the opponent moves here I should move there. Considerations for what the opponent might do two minutes from the present, let alone two hours, were not a factor.

As the evolution of more complex environments proceeded ^[5] selection for more behavioral flexibility became stronger. The behavior planning map expanded to provide more memory capacity for more complex situations encountered. At some point (probably in early mammals, monotremes) a new map emerged above the short-term planning map in Figure 3. In all likelihood this map evolved as many new organs/facilities often do as a duplicated structure (the planning map) that was initially redundant, but later was free to evolve additional capabilities.

That structure is depicted in Figure 4 as an “Observer Model.” sitting atop the action planning map. At this juncture the latter is more a short-term default map wherein actions chosen would hold under ordinary circumstances. But the higher-order map is capable of storing more implicit (and perhaps the beginnings of explicit - episodic) memories than could be accommodated in the lower map. This larger memory also includes longer time scales for memory retention. But more intriguingly the higher-order map is a dynamic map in that it is capable of reconfiguration (generating new wiring schemes between concept objects) and hence, as a modeling “platform”, capable of generating multiple possible scenarios for the future. The time horizon for planning actions, and hence the length of the sequencing, expanded as well. The animals could consider behaviors further into the future than before.

 

Figure 4. At some point of complexity (environment and behavior) a new map appeared as an adjunct to the Action Planning Map. This map introduces longer time scales of “what happened” as well as “what may happen in the future”. This map is probably better called a dynamic model but it takes current status information and constructs refinements to models of how things work. The output from these models affect the current behavior.

 

Note that this new capacity opened up new possibilities for exploring fitness space in mammalian evolution. The larger the spatio-temporal scope of an individual's experiential memory coupled with mechanisms for experimenting with possible scenarios gave animals a capability to increase their tactical advantages considerably. The carnivores and the primates evolved this capability to maximum effect.

The reason I call this an observer model is that unlike the planning map that directly innervates the motor coordination map, this map takes in what the lower-level maps are doing and constructs what amounts to higher order models of both the self and the environment over long time scales. The sense of “I&rdquo, with continuity across time, is a consequence of this modeling. I am reasonably certain that dogs, cats, other carnivores, cetacean, and primate species have an inner sense of self and identity associated with their life experience memories. It may be true for ungulates too (horse owners would probably agree). Maybe even lagomorphs (rabbits) too! Indeed, as I think of various mammalian species I have watched behave (e.g. squirrels and raccoons) I would guess they all have some sense of I-ness.

There is another sense that results from there being a sense of I. That is the sense of agency and will; the sense that I caused that to happen. This has to be fairly obvious from the fact that the observer is watching the motor outputs (behaviors) that change the environment (relative to the observer) as well as observing the actions of the planning map and what it was in the sensory maps that gave rise to it.

With the emergence of this observer, model constructor, model user, scenario generator we have the emergence of the mind. We have the origin of the sense of self as different from the lower-level functions (maps) because it is. Lots of things could be going on in real-time in the lower level maps. This new higher level map (model) is working in a different time domain. It is collecting experiences and consequences of past behaviors in those circumstances which it uses to build anticipatory models of what should be done in the long-run (well, some long-run). It then provides the action planning map with provisional suggestions as to what sequence of actions it should take if such-and-such a situation comes to fruition. This new map allows the animal to deal with some ambiguity and uncertainty.

The new map is in the prefrontal cortex. Its actual work is to map longer-term and broader scale concepts to all of the regions in the neocortex where the details of lower-level concepts and percepts are actually stored (e.g. parietal and temporal lobes, etc.)

Higher-order Consciousness

The capacity to be aware of the environment and the sense of the body as a basis for short-term behavior planning is what I have called First-order Consciousness. The sense of self is primordial, consisting of a knowledge of proprioceptive senses that distinguish that what is happening is either due to some factor in the environment (awareness) or due to the animal's own actions. All animals from the most primitive (probably with what we would call nervous systems) to human beings have this fundamental consciousness or they could not act effectively (be fit) in their worlds.

A sense of self that produces also a sense of separateness, the sense of I is what I call Second-order Consciousness. There is an observer in the brain that literally tracks both what is happening in the environment and what the body does in response AND proposes longer time-scale action sequences that should better situate the animal in the future. Fitness is greatly enhanced. The animal possessing this capability is able to adapt to multiple environmental configurations within limits.

What do we see with humans? In my next posting I will tackle the next level phenomenal experience — observing the observing! Humans are conscious that they are conscious. What does it mean?

---

References

Damasio, Antonio (2000). The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness, Mariner Books.

Damasio, Antonio (1994). Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain, HarperCollins Publisher, New York.

Hawkins, Jeff (2004). On Intelligence, St. Martin's Griffen, New York.

Kandel, Eric & Squires, Larry (2008). Memory: From Mind to Molecules, Roberts and Company Publishers.

Koch, Christof (2004). The Quest for Consciousness: a Neurobiological Approach, Roberts and Co.

Koch, Christof (2012). Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist, The MIT Press, Cambridge MA.

Mobus, George E., (1994). “Toward a theory of learning and representing causal inferences in neural networks”, in Levine, D.S. and Aparicio, M (Eds.), Neural Networks for Knowledge Representation and Inference, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [Available on-line: http://faculty.washington.edu/gmobus/Adaptrode/causal_representation.html]

---

Footnotes

[1]. Simulations, however, are not easy. A simulation is always an approximation to the actual system. We can never simulate the lowest level details. For example my Adaptrode does not simulate the molecular interactions that take place in a neuron from synapse to genes. Such a simulation would provide greater accuracy by capturing the sub-dynamics that contribute to the whole phenomenon. But at the cost of needing much more computing power. We always are stuck with a tradeoff between accuracy and computational overhead. What we do is try to analyze the phenomenon and identify what we think is the sufficient level of accuracy producing the desired effects (think of curve fitting approximating a non-linear time series). If there is a need to get the simulation to run in real time, then the constraints on level of detail are much more severe. Using a computer simulation of thousands of synapses with firing frequencies of 200-300 Hz requires a substantial amount of trimming of detail! Time will tell if the Adaptrode equations suffice.

[2] The use of the term 'map' may be confusing but the processing 'modules' reponsible for handling sensory inputs literally map the array of inputs (think of the retina as a two dimensional array of light sensitive cells) to higher order processing modules. Unlike static roadmaps, however, these neural modules are dynamic maps that track inputs across the sensory field, thus changing where activity is located based on what they are mapping. For example, think of the visual inputs from the retina as the eye moves. The objects in the field of view are moving relative to the map itself. Imagine a lattice made of rubber. An object in the field of view is like a distortion in the lattice, say pushing a finger down on it. As the eye moves and the object remains stationary it is like moving your finger across the lattice so that the distortion affects different regions.

[3]. Here the term environment refers only to the affective environment of the animal; essentially only those forces it can detect and objects it can recognize. For worms and snails this is a pretty limited environment. For humans it is clearly much larger. Nevertheless, there are many aspects of one's immediate environment that one cannot sense directly yet they can have causal impacts on the individual.

[4]. A cortical structure is a sheet of micro-modular units (cortical columns) that are arrayed in a matrix arrangement. The sheet is divided into regions (and likely sub-regions) that are responsible for processing various representations. The sheet can be imagined as being layed out with regions near one edge (actually the back of the brain in the neocortex) devoted to low-level sensory inputs from all modalities. These are passed to the next regions which extract meaningful conceptual images from the inputs from the “lower” regions. That is, the outputs from the sensory regions are passed to the integration regions. It is also notable that there is a tremendous amount of feedback from the integration regions to the primary sensory regions. The outputs from the integration regions pass further along the sheet to object recognition and that to whole-field (situation) recognition. From there the behavior selection processing is done in the planning or pre-motor regions. Finally motor outputs are processed in regions in the far other edge of the sheet and the outputs are sent back down to the motor control nuclei in the central and lower brain areas for passing to muscles, etc. This is a, perhaps overly, simplified description. I plan on devoting some future writing to elaborate on this subject.

[5]. I say the environment evolved because an environment includes all other relevant species and environments and the various interacting genera coevolve. Sometimes such coevolution involves an “arms race”, as between prey and predator, called the Red Queen race.

Comments

[Ruben]

Here are two great quotes from Robert Provine I thought you might find interesting:

"Can the question of animal consciousness be stood on its head and treated in a more parsimonious manner? Instead of considering whether other animals are conscious, or have a different, or lesser consciousness than our own, should we question if our behavior is under no more conscious control than theirs?"

"Until proven otherwise, why not assume that consciousness does not play a role in human behavior? Although it may seem radical on first hearing, this is actually the conservative position that makes the fewest assumptions."

And I am very interested in what you said here:

"Most of your ideas actually start out in the subconscious processing taking place in various parts of your brain. Only a very few of these ideas make to the light of conscious awareness. Yet we know they are there because psychologists/neuroscientists have devised clever ways to elicit subconscious thinking and visualize it using fMRI and other dynamic imaging methods. "

Can you post a link to further details about this? This seems very relevant to my own work on behavioiur change.

Thank you.

[Robin Datta]

the rest of you may be zombies for all I really know!

Indeed. Only one consciousness is experienced, not "my" consciousness, but "me" consciousness. The "mind" is a concept that "I" experience ("my mind"), and anything experienced is not the self. Even the "I" is experienced: awareness of the existence of a conscious human being. None of these are the basis of awareness.

All flowers on their own are black, as on a pitch-dark night. Sunshine gives them all their many colours. Yet sunlight is not itself seen unless directly incident in the eye. So too, consciousness itself cannot be experienced as an object: it is only known as the subject. The mind is likewise insentient, and it is perfectly possible that all are meat-robots except for myself: and that's because I have am awareness, but do not share it with anyone else.

“the real problem is subjective experience”

The actual problem that is completely overlooked: "real problem" is a concept, and likewise "subjective experience" is a concept. As concepts, they are both objects.

There is a Sanskrit term that includes qualia

Consciousness does not think; it illumines (inert) thoughts; it does not have feelings; it illuminates (inert) emotions. It does not act; it illuminates the mirage called "I" on which the sense of agency (doer-ship) is projected; it does not experience anything; it illuminates the same mirage called "i" on which the sense of experiencer-ship is projected. The flower is not a part of the content of sunlight.

The mind-body "problem" is not a problem: the mind is an aspect of the functionality of a part of the body, the brain. The body-mind complex is a meat-robot: one does not have to invoke awareness to explain its functioning. This is where materialists also screw up, by invoking awareness in others.

Rather than ponder what consciousness must be from an armchair, Damasio has been examining the brain, its functions, and their correspondence with reported subjective experiences as well as behaviors.

He has screwed up from the outset. "Brains", "functions", "correspondence" and "reported subjective experiences" are all concepts, and therefore objects. They do not offer handles to consciousness.

Real, natural intelligence will never be simulated by a program.

Unless, of course it has the complexity made possible by biological evolution.

[BC]

Thought cannot perceive of its own ending; otherwise, there would be no thinker to think about not thinking about not thinking.

Therefore, thought constructs illusory images of itself, the "I", surviving the demise of the body/brain/mind in Heaven, Hell, Nirvana, Paradise, reincarnation, and so on.

That there is no "I" (differentiated or in opposition to "not I") to survive the body, and that thought is a product of body/brain/mind, thought is perpetually trapped in a state of unmet desire to separate its illusory existence from the impermanent (in its higher self-organized form) body/brain/mind. Thought desires permanence (immortality, pleasure, security, happiness, etc.) via illusory projections of myriad forms/"things".

But thought can never experience, i.e., "be" or "become", that which it desires and thus projects as separate from the body/brain/mind and its capacity to respond and affect thought by way of stimuli.

Thought is not separate from body/brain/mind, and neither is the latter separate from the natural laws and forces, i.e., Nature, that make it possible to self-organize and then decay and return to its constituent elements: stardust.

Therefore, thought functioning without the desire to separate from body/brain/mind, or to project itself in time beyond the demise of the body, is said to be operating as "no-mind" or in the "natural state". There is no time, no "self", no "becoming" any-"thing" (an object projected by thought), and the infinitude of the fullness of "emptiness" of that which is not "no-thingness": "the Void".

There is then consciousness unconscious of consciousness conscious of itself in which "no-thing" ("no-mind") is always happening. :-)

[James]

Somewhere between full engagement of the senses and the hallucination of complete sensory deprivation lies a state of semi-detachment where “consciousness” can contemplate the future, the past and all connections. Many people are uncomfortable in this state, as it may create more questions than it answers which require yet further contemplation and maybe a little additional research and learning. I think most would rather stay fully engaged with reality and in the sleep state of unawareness while skipping the meditative in-between. In this way, the tragedy of ecosystem destruction and financial ruin will not fully emerge in most minds until it becomes reality.

[BC]

"Humans are conscious that they are conscious. What does it mean?"

Are we really? What is conscious? About what is consciousness allegedly conscious?

As Robin and I (illusory projections of thought perceiving itself as separate "consciousness") observe, there is no "I" to experience, and thus be conscious of, any-"thing", i.e., myriad illusory objects projected by the impermanent "I", the product of thought (biochemical movement of body/brain/mind in illusory holographic time space).

Again, there is no "I" constructed by thought, which itself perceives itself as "conscious" or acting, or doing, or the subject observer; rather, there is only consciousness unconscious of consciousness conscious of itself: Zen "no-mind" or "no-thingness", "the Void", or "emptiness" of mind of "The Ten Thousand Things", i.e., myriad illusory thoughtform objects projected by body/brain/mind.

We are now successfully emulating the illusory "I consciousness" into AGI to perform all manner of analytical tasks to eliminate human paid employment and purchasing power in order to reduce costs and increase/sustain profit margins and capital accumulation AT THE EXPENSE OF biological humans' ability to subsist.

AGI/SAI will thus likely "evolve" with the characteristic traits and values of its Creator, if you will, the most rapacious among the human ape species, those who have been socialized to want it all.

The root of the word "evil" is yfel, translated as "up from under": that state of awareness/being/"consciousness" that perceives itself as inferior, vulnerable, or disadvantaged such that it is compelled to overcome its inferiority by acting to become superior, perceiving "other" (differentiated/separate "I" projection) as competition and thus unworthy and an object worthy of enslavement, oppression, violence, etc.

Thus, to perceive as "I" is to desire to be superior to "not I", i.e., that which is in opposition. The illusory "I"/"self" is thus in a perpetual state of "self"-opposition that is projected out into the world seeking to persist permanently beyond the demise of the incorrectly perceived separate physical body/brain/mind, creating all manner of desire, delusion, mischief, fear, anger, competition, violence, and destruction in the process.

Even the most brilliant minds "think" there is an "I" or "self" thinking and thus acting "consciously" and with "free will"; but, again, this is a biochemical movement of body/brain/mind in limited holographic time space in which illusory thoughtforms (objects) are projected in an attempt to sustain continuity of the illusion of permanence that does not, and cannot, exist.

What if the human body/brain/mind was conditioned to perceive no separation between an illusory observer (subject) and that which is observed (object)?

What if the "natural state" was no "I" in opposition to "not I" and projected as "self"-conflict into the world and towards other humans?

What if "I" in perpetual "self"-conflict with "not I", multiplied 7 billion times over and projected into the world, was perceived as a fundamental human dysfunction or "dis-ease" of the body/brain/mind?

What if this "dis-ease" was perceived as the primary cause of human conflict, suffering, genocide, ecocide, and overall lack of sapience, alienation from "Nature", an the primary impediment to experiencing the "natural state" of "no-mind"?

What would we do? What kind of world would so-called sapient humans then act to manifest?

[Aboc Zed]

@BC
"What would we do? What kind of world would so-called sapient humans then act to manifest? "

i am sure you yourself know that none of us will know the answers to your questions as we are not those people

and if and when those people are on the planet then there is no need to ask those questions

in other words this is a moot point

i do not think anyone on the planet ever will be able to answer those questions simply because evolution of matter never stops: there never was first fish or first human and the end for all and everything is the same: stardust

i think we can only chose the time horizon we'd like to consider and i know from experience it is a luxury of being able to consider the horizon that is past immediate future and immediate needs of survival and continuation of so called "good life"

and since good life to me is defined "no physical and emotional pain" i see it very difficult to maintain the time horizon other than immediate for any length of time

back to reality

i wish everybody a good day - where-ever they are and whatever they are doing

[BC]

AZ, of course, I cannot find any basis for disagreement with your general assertions.

Moreover, your boundary condition over a finite "time horizon" for the "good life" as reflecting "no physical and emotional pain" is reasonable and clearly demonstrable by historical human experience.

However, one might ask, "At what cost to ourselves, progeny, and their descendents?" Or, what "opportunity cost" to our successors at "our cost" along the intertemporal boundary space for them to avoid, or minimize, "no physical and emotional pain" for themselves?

I suspect that the opportunity cost for Millennials to permit Boomers to enjoy the "good life" in late life is prohibitively high.

Boomers and older Xers had the luxury of cheap liquid fossil fuel energy per capita that permitted, or encouraged, acquiescing to promises made to the "GI Generation", now passing, that the successor peak demographic cohort, "Millennials", can ill afford to promise to the Boomers or older Xers, i.e., you and me.

Thus, it is quite unlikely that Millennials will have the capacity to make good on the promises Boomers infer will be there for them in late life, i.e., a sufficient claim on future earnings of Millennials to permit Boomers to maintain their auto-, oil-, and debt-based, mass-consumer lifestyles in late life, including "health care" that now costs an ASTOUNDING ~25% of private US GDP and an equivalent of $24,000 per US household.

IOW, the relative incapacity of Millennials to maintain the aforementioned lifestyle for themselves and their few offspring ensures that Boomers will neither enjoy the same in late life over the next 10-30 years. The West has not even begun to come to terms with this, and now China is tipping over the edge of her own demographic decline.

This has profound global economic, social, political, and mass-social-psychological implications for western society hereafter. One need only observe what is occurring in Ukraine, Thailand, Venezuela, parts of Europe, Tibet, Africa, and elsewhere to realize that the economic, financial, fiscal, exergetic, and biophysical constraints have now reached the structural breaking point at many junctures along the global supply chains of "globalization".

IOW, we are witnessing, should we choose to look, the unraveling of the Oil Age civilization, whereas there are no ready solutions to mitigate the worsening effects of supply constraints per capita along the regional and global production and distribution chains.

The system's supply chain is breaking at the weakest links, the effects of which are magnified the farther from the energy-, credit-, and profit-intensive core, if you will.

Similarly, the larger the scale of external financial and capital investment, i.e., US and Japanese supranational firms' FDI, the larger the unsustainable ecological footprint of the countries farthest from the supply chain's core versus the domestic biophysical capacity to sustain the external investment, production, and net exergetic transfer/exchange per capita, the worse the relative domestic privation, mass suffering, and risk of social unrest, and, yes, eventually a last-man-standing war between the West and the rest for the remaining resources of the finite spherical planet.

[George Mobus]

@Ruben,

Thanks for the quotations and link.

The issue of "conscious control" is a complex one. There is a lot of evidence that most of our actions are generated subconsciously and only several milliseconds later comes to conscious awareness, giving the illusion of the conscious self having "willed" the action.

However, that doesn't mean that conscious awareness does not have a more profound role in behavior control. I will be going into this in a future post. The short answer is that conscious awareness provides a long-term feedback control over learning in the subconscious (tacit knowledge).

I don't have an immediate link, however I suggest looking up the work of Hanna Damasio (Antonio's wife and co-worker). She has done a lot of the imaging studies. A. Damasio's book, "Descartes' Error" contains a lot of overview. Strongly recommend it.

----------------------------------------
Everyone else,

Interesting comments. I said this was perilous territory to explore. Humans have been marveling at their experience of consciousness, probably since before we were even fully sapiens. And we have inherited many "stories" and conceptualizations about it. There seem to have emerged two basic schools of thought that place the origin of the phenomenon of consciousness. One school considers consciousness as having origin in the Universe as a whole; that is it is a property of the Universes itself and not emergent from biology. The other school holds that consciousness (whatever it is) is a property of sufficiently complex brains or material analogs (e.g. a sentient computer). How to resolve this dichotomy? I doubt that consciousness studies will ever actually resolve it to the "liking" of everybody. This is one of those areas that is guided by belief (ideology if you will). And those who hold a belief are not likely to be persuaded by argument even when backed up with evidence (look at the religious disbelief in evolution).

In my future posts I will likely steer clear of these more philosophical musings. I am interested in what we can find out about consciousness by observing how it seems to come out of complex brains and to test those ideas by building complex simulations that might support the "materialist" version. Demonstration of the emergence of consciousness from biology cannot preclude that there is some grander property of the Universe that, perhaps, nudges biological evolution toward the end we see in humans. But that is, as far as I can see, speculation.

PS. In my prior post I did say I was done with proselytizing re: the end of humanity. So please, can comments be kept to the scope of the issue I am talking about. There are still plenty of blogs out there that deal with collapse, etc. I've said all I have to say about the issue.

George

[Jerry McManus]

"A grander property of the universe"

Perhaps this could also turn out to be an emergent property of your model.

From self awareness, to abstract thinking about the world and ones place in it, to abstract thinking about ones own self. If the brain evolved structures through relative fitness that led to a sense of "I-ness", might it be possible that the next logical step is evolving structures in the brain that lead to a sense of "super-I-ness"?

A transcendent sense of self that is perceived to be intimately connected to all other things.

Sound familiar? Countless spiritual thinkers and teachers who have wrestled with that very question over thousands of years of human history would certainly think so.

[BC]

http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/177091-biology-of-the-mind-is-consciousness-merely-the-result-of-evolution-or-something-more-live-video

Jerry, I think you have correctly described the ultimate destination of increasingly self-aware AGI/SAI on a planetary scale in the first instance. Human fitness in this context with 7 billion people on the planet is likely to be highly self-selected to this objective of a self-aware, supra-human, planetary "consciousness" or a highly sophisticated, self-organizing, self-perpetuating, self-contained planetary super-organism that might have little use for more than an infinitesimally small share of the existing human ape species. If it perceives first the existential risk of mass die-off for humans from overpopulation, it will infer that the scale of risk in terms of availability of resources for its own existence is too high; therefore, if the planetary intelligent system evolves the imperative of self-preservation, it MUST devise means, compassionate or otherwise, to rid the planet of a sufficient number of human apes to ensure its survival and capacity to further evolve.

Seen another way, the Earth's planetary system, with the assistance of perhaps solar energy-based intelligent systems AGI/SAI, might evolve a planetary intelligence/"consciousness" that perceives most of us human apes to be unnecessary at best, and a threat or impediment to further evolution of its self-determination.

IOW, a planetary intelligent system would be unable to avoid the fact that there are too many humans reproducing and consuming resources per capita at an unsustainable rate that risks the further evolution of the consciousness that perceives this fact. The global intelligent-systems super-organism would then self-identify with the planetary thermodynamic/exergetic constraints (LTG) to the extent that it would deem most humans as an unnecessary cost to its evolution and no, or a low, opportunity cost of ridding the planet's ecosystem of most of us, either through deliberate acts of efficient mass destruction or by entropic attrition for as long as it takes.

Yet another way to perceive this is that the future of the human ape species will be a process of high self-selectivity to the extent that the collective human ape remnant population will survive, adapt, and reproduce with the primary imperative to ensure the successful adaptation and evolution of the planetary intelligent-systems super-organism to which the remnant humans will evolve symbiotically in the long run.

[Cantab]

I do look forward to what you have to say about dogs in due course. I have been studying them very closely myself, ad have been most surprised.

I quite agree, to hell with QE and all the rest. There is so much more of interest to devote our thoughts to.

[Piaget Modeler]

Well said. Check out http://piagetmodeler.tumblr.com for another perspective which reaches the same conclusions.

Again, very well said.

~PM

[St. Roy]

This post doesn't register with me. I liked you better as a TEOTWAWKI blogger. Please keep me as an follower. I would miss your excellent musings on collapse and how to muddle through it. The great contraction is just starting. I don't feel any misery yet but it's damn sure coming.

[Robin Datta]

find out about consciousness by observing how it seems to come out of complex brains

That's the point of confusion. Consciousness is the observer, NEVER the observed. What is observed is thoughts & emotions - concepts - about consciousness. Not one of these is consciousness.

How many other persons' consciousness has one ever experienced in one's own consciousness? Others' consciousness cannot be observed: only a concept of "others' consciousness" can be observed. The others, all 7+ billion of them, can be meat robots, automatons (albeit with very fancy hardware & software) for all one knows. Sure, they behave in a manner that makes it plausible that they are conscious. But to attribute consciousness to them is faith, perhaps reasonable, but backed by no proof whatsoever.

Without accommodating this possibility that all others are meat robots, any conjectures on consciousness remain wishful thinking.

[George Mobus]

@Jerry,

Indeed this has been my speculation re: the evolution of sapiens coinciding with the evolution of eusociality (some are now using the term hyper-sociality). My further speculation is that sociality that has a stronger sense of WE (the I as part of the whole) is going to be more strongly selected in the future. That would be nice to see.

-------------------------------------
@BC,

Interesting conversation. I've read Marcus' work and know one of the others from references.

Still, I think that conversation clearly demonstrates the difficulties with the subject. But science has tackled many difficult subjects. So....

-----------------------------------
@Cantab,

If, by "QE" you mean Question Everything, I'm not abandoning questions. Its just that I have asked the questions I was interested in about the consequences of the human condition. And the answers seem to be pretty well set so no need to rehash old news.

--------------------------------------
@~PM,

I took a quick look and will pursue it when I have a bit more time. Thanks for the link.

--------------------------------------
@St. Roy,

I won't swear on a bible that I'll never say another word about collapse. But it will have to take some really new developments to catch my interest again! Sorry. I just want to enjoy doing my research while I can.

--------------------------------------
@Robin D.

The "meat robot"/zombie arguments have been repeated many times without shedding much light on the subject. I and a number of other researchers are thinking it is a strawman argument.

Yes, of course the experience of consciousness is personal/subjective. Nevertheless there are neural correlates with the experience of people that can be understood. Moreover, what we seek is an evolutionary mechanism for consciousness' emergence.

I am perfectly happy to experience my own consciousness without worrying about whether others are or are not similarly conscious. The claim is that any sufficiently complex information processing entity capable of adaptation/learning can exhibit all of the properties that would lead me to "believe" they are conscious of their environments and themselves. I don't need to directly experience their consciousness to have sufficient evidence that they are experiencing something like what I experience.

-------------------------------------
To all readers,

News on the book progress. We got the final green light and have a firm date to deliver the final draft to the publisher. It's been a long haul. I will never write another textbook again!!!!

George

[RobLL]

Just a few thoughts on consciousness and the mind.

Science Daily has an entry on 4 and 5 year old, and an 'innate' algebra

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140306130048.htm

I also suspect that we have an innate sense of calculus, as in observing a thrown item experiencing acceleration from gravity, both on the way up and on the way down.

Language itself has a primitive logic and grammar from which rationality can emerge. Tie that in the the possibility of mathematics and even our kludgey brain gains amazing powers

Someone, has suggested that sentient beings have a need to impute 'mind' in others and this facility could observe itself and see consciousness. I thought it was Hafstadler but can't find the reference.

[Cantab]

By QE I meant quantative easing and collpse, those dreadful twins....